Late last month, the mainland Chinese government passed a bill to change Hong Kong’s electoral system, with one of the main points being an overhaul of the Election Committee. Apart from changes to the weight given to financial magnates, the “green light” has been given to allow more new migrants from mainland China to be part of the Election Committee, and these “new Hong Kongers” coming up in Hong Kong’s political arena have led to hot debate.
Looking at history, this sudden emergence of mainland Chinese migrants in Hong Kong is not surprising. From the start, Hong Kong has taken in many new migrants from everywhere, such as the refugees who fled the famine in mainland China in the 1940s and 1950s. Many of them worked hard to become prominent members of society, influencing Hong Kong’s political and financial sectors.
In the past, new migrants from mainland China were not well-educated, and if they felt marginalised, they made an effort to change their mindset. They respected the ways of Hong Kong, learned the Cantonese dialect, and got familiar with the rules, so as to quickly integrate.
However, there are some differences between the old and new migrants. Previously, most of the mainland Chinese who migrated to Hong Kong were from the lower rungs of society, but many of those who have come in recent years are well-educated elites or the rich. Given their different backgrounds, each group also has a different attitude towards integrating into Hong Kong.
First wave of mainland migrants: ‘melting pot’ and ‘salad bowl’
In the past, new migrants from mainland China were not well-educated, and if they felt marginalised, they made an effort to change their mindset. They respected the ways of Hong Kong, learned the Cantonese dialect, and got familiar with the rules, so as to quickly integrate.
As for the minority of mainland Chinese migrants who did not want to integrate in Hong Kong, they chose to stay in their enclaves and lead simple, monotonous lives. Many of my friends’ grandparents were like that. The language, social systems, and way of life that they knew did not click with Hong Kong’s model. Their everyday route was between their home and the market, and they became marginalised.
In the academic sense, the former situation is more of a “melting pot”, while the latter is a “salad bowl”, where one maintains their own identity outside of mainstream society. Generally, while the older generation of new migrants from mainland China did face indirect discrimination in Hong Kong, they still got along in peace with the locals.
However, with the rapid increase in the number of mainland Chinese moving south to Hong Kong in recent years, coupled with China’s rise, there has been an obvious change in the profile of new migrants.
At the same time, with the continued influx of new migrants, in recent years there has been intense competition between the new Hong Kongers and locals in terms of jobs, resource allocation, and activity space.
Second wave: asserting control
Looking at some new migrant friends that I know from mainland China, they are all smart and talented, and are prominent people of status in their fields, especially finance and other professional sectors. Seeing Hong Kong’s waning economic strength, many are unwilling to integrate, and they interact most frequently with other friends from mainland China while keeping a distance from “old” Hong Kongers, forming a new group of “new Hong Kongers” over time.
At the same time, with the continued influx of new migrants, in recent years there has been intense competition between the new Hong Kongers and locals in terms of jobs, resource allocation, and activity space. In some cases, new migrants have even taken over control, leading to an identity crisis among many locals, with a rise in localism over the past ten years and occasional incidents of discrimination and attacks on mainland China migrants.
In response to criticism by locals, the new Hong Kongers counter that their move to Hong Kong is all done in a fair and proper manner. They firmly believe that Hong Kong is part of China, and the city’s success is due to wave after wave of mainland China migrants, and that Hong Kongers have to accept the reality of having to rub shoulders every day with strangers from mainland China.
A new party representing Hong Kongers’ interests
But speaking of a watershed moment in Hong Kong’s focus on new Hong Kongers, one has to mention 2013. In October of that year, the overseas edition of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) newspaper People’s Daily tagged mainland Chinese who settled in Hong Kong as “new Hong Kongers”, and said they were necessary for Hong Kong’s growth, which drew a huge social reaction.
Some time ago, a group of pro-Beijing financial executives in Hong Kong announced the establishment of the new Bauhinia Party, targeting 250,000 members to become a new political party to represent Hong Kongers’ interests, in a further show of the growing influence of this group in Hong Kong.
Where there is “new”, there is “old”. And when Hong Kong is full of new Hong Kongers, where do locals and old migrants go?
To be fair, with their increasing numbers and influence, it is normal for new Hong Kongers to speak up and bring up their rights and interests. In particular, during the anti-extradition bill movement in 2019, many new migrants from the mainland faced serious threats to their personal safety, and many new Hong Kongers who had settled down with their families in Hong Kong could not take it any more and felt they could no longer stay silent.
Beijing's current efforts to help new Hong Kongers into the Election Committee also shows that the authorities are very unhappy with the ineptitude of Hong Kong's traditional pro-establishment camp over the past 24 years and want to set up another pro-establishment group with new migrants as the main force. Keeping in mind the Bauhinia Party, Hong Kong’s traditional pro-establishment camp should start to feel a sense of crisis.
But for the Beijing authorities, perhaps they should also be very careful in handling the question of new Hong Kongers taking over the governance of Hong Kong. Where there is “new”, there is “old”. And when Hong Kong is full of new Hong Kongers, where do locals and old migrants go? Simply dividing people into new and old migrants will only divide society even more. In the long term, having migrants old and new as well as locals getting along peacefully and working together to contribute to society — that would be the way for Hong Kong.
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